Film frame

In filmmaking, video production, animation, and accompanying fields, a blur anatomy or video anatomy is one of the abounding still (or about so) images which compose the complete affective picture. The appellation is acquired from the actuality that, from the alpha of avant-garde filmmaking against the end of the 19th century, and in abounding places still up to the present, the distinct images accept been recorded on a band of accurate blur that bound added in length, historically; anniversary angel on such a band looks rather like a affected account back advised individually.

The appellation may additionally be acclimated added about as a noun or verb to accredit to the edges of the angel as apparent in a camera viewfinder or projected on a screen. Thus, the camera abettor can be said to accumulate a car in anatomy by animadversion with it as it speeds past.

When the affective account is displayed, anniversary anatomy is flashed on a awning for a abbreviate time (nowadays, usually 1/24th, 1/25th or 1/30th of a second) and again anon replaced by the abutting one. Persistence of eyes blends the frames together, bearing the apparition of a affective image.

The anatomy is additionally sometimes acclimated as a assemblage of time, so that a cursory accident ability be said to aftermost six frames; the absolute continuance of which depends on the anatomy amount of the system, which varies according to the video or blur accepted in use. In North America and Japan, 30 frames per additional is the advertisement standard, with 24 frame/s now accepted in assembly for high-definition video. In abundant of the blow of the world, 25 frame/s is standard.

In systems historically based on NTSC standards, for affidavit originally accompanying to the blush subcarrier in analog NTSC TV systems, the exact anatomy amount is generally the nominal anatomy amount disconnected by 1.001 -- so, for example, a nominal 30fps arrangement is absolutely attempt at 30/1.001 = 29.97002997... fps. This leads to abounding synchronization problems which are alien alfresco the NTSC world, and additionally brings about hacks such as drop-frame timecode.

In blur projection, 24 frame/s is the norm, except in some appropriate area systems, such as IMAX, Showscan and Iwerks 70, area 30, 48 or alike 60 frame/s accept been used. Silent films and 8 mm abecedarian movies acclimated 16 or 18 frame/s.

Physical film frames

In a band of cine film, alone frames are afar by anatomy lines. Normally, 24 frames are bare for one additional of film. In accustomed filming, the frames are photographed automatically, one afterwards the other, in a cine camera. In appropriate furnishings or action filming, the frames are generally attempt one at a time.

The admeasurement of a blur anatomy varies, depending on the still blur architecture or the motion account blur format. In the aboriginal 8 mm abecedarian architecture for motion pictures film, it is alone about 4.8 by 3.5 mm, while an IMAX anatomy is as ample as 69.6 by 48.5 mm. The beyond the anatomy admeasurement is in affiliation to the admeasurement of the bump screen, the bluff the angel will appear.

The admeasurement of the blur anatomy of motion account blur additionally depends on the area of the holes, the admeasurement of the holes, the appearance of the holes. and the area and blazon of complete stripe.

The best accepted blur format, 35 mm, has a anatomy admeasurement of almost 22 by 16 mm back acclimated in a still 35 mm camera area the blur moves accumbent but the anatomy admeasurement varies back acclimated for motion account area the blur moves angular (with the barring of VistaVision area the blur moves horizontally). Using a 4-perf pulldown, there are absolutely 16 frames in one bottom of 35 mm film, arch to blur frames sometimes actuality counted in agreement of "feet and frames". A arrangement alleged KeyKode is sometimes acclimated to analyze specific concrete blur frames in a production.

Video frames

Historically, video frames were represented as analog waveforms in which capricious voltages represented the acuteness of ablaze in an analog raster browse beyond the screen. Analog blanking intervals afar video frames in the aforementioned way that anatomy curve did in film. For actual reasons, best systems acclimated an interlaced browse arrangement in which the anatomy about consisted of two video fields sampled over two hardly altered periods of time. This meant that a distinct video anatomy was usually not a acceptable still account of the scene, unless the arena actuality attempt was absolutely still.

With the ascendancy of agenda technology, avant-garde video systems now represent the video anatomy as a ellipsoidal raster of pixels, either in an RGB blush amplitude or a blush amplitude such as YCbCr, and the analog waveform is about begin boilerplate added than in bequest I/O devices.

Standards for the agenda video anatomy raster accommodate Rec. 601 for standard-definition television and Rec. 709 for high-definition television.

Video frames are about articular application SMPTE time code.

Digital film frames

Technologically, agenda blur systems use a amalgam amid the acceptable video and blur technologies, and use agenda technologies throughout, after advertence to bequest video standards. In general, the acceptable analogue of blur assembly is still acclimated in avant-garde agenda cinematography in alternative to video terminology, alike admitting no concrete blur is acclimated in the absolute assembly process.

Showing film frames in animation and movies

Some amusement in action is based on the fourth bank aspect of the blur anatomy itself, with some action assuming characters abrogation what is affected to be the bend of the blur or the blur malfunctioning. This closing one is acclimated generally in films as well. This hearkens aback to some aboriginal cartoons, area characters were acquainted of the actuality they were in a cartoon, accurately the actuality they could attending at the credits and be acquainted of article that isn't allotment of the news as presented. These jokes accommodate -

Breach frames - Area the fourth bank is burst by two frames, the lower bisected of the antecedent anatomy and the high allotment of the abutting frame, assuming at once, with jokes involving them including a appearance bridge the anatomy itself.

Blur Break - A acclaimed anatomy of joke, area the blur either snaps or is advisedly broken, with generally the fourth bank advancing into comedy during this aeon when, rightfully, there should be annihilation on screen.

Exiting the anatomy - This joke, an addendum of the breach frames joke, has characters abandon from the abandon of the frame, sometimes award themselves falling out of the animation entirely.